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Zürich (help·info) (German pronunciation IPA: [ˈtsyrɪç]; in English often Zurich, without the umlaut) is the largest city in Switzerland (population: 366,145 in 2004; population of urban area: 1,091,732) and capital of the canton of Zürich. The city is Switzerland's main commercial centre, and one of the country's global cities (the other being Geneva).

The origin of the name is most likely the Celtic word Turus, a corroborating reference to which was found on a tomb inscription dating from the Roman occupation in the second century AD. The Roman name for the town was Turicum and in the local dialect Zürich German it is called Züri IPA [ˈtsyri].

Geography

The city is situated where the river Limmat leaves Lake Zürich and is surrounded by wooded hills including the Zürichberg and the Uetliberg. The river Sihl meets with the Limmat at the end of Platzspitz, which borders the Swiss National Museum (Landesmuseum).

During 2004 the Fraumünster was fully rennovated. During this period the installed scaffolding went above the tip of the tower allowing a unique and exceptional 360° panoramic view of Zurich.

History

Main article: History of Zürich

In Roman times, Turicum was a tax-collecting point for goods entering the imperial province of Raetia by river. A Carolingian castle, built on the site of the Roman castle by the grandson of Charlemagne, Louis the German, is mentioned in 835 ("in castro Turicino iuxta fluvium Lindemaci"). Louis also founded the Fraumünster abbey in 853 for his daughter Hildegard. He endowed the Benedictine convent with the lands of Zürich, Uri, and the Albis forest, and granted the convent immunity, placing it under his direct authority.

In 1045, King Henry III granted the convent the right to hold markets, collect tolls, and mint coins, and thus effectively made the abbess the ruler of the city.

Zürich became reichsunmittelbar in 1218 with the extinction of the main line of the Zähringer family. A city wall was built during the 1230s, enclosing 38 hectares. Emperor Frederick II promoted the abbess of the Fraumünster to the rank of a duchess in 1234. The abbess assigned the mayor, and she frequently delegated the minting of coins to citizens of the city. However, the political power of the convent slowly waned in the fourteenth century, beginning with the establishment of the Zunftordnung (guild laws) in 1336 by Rudolf Brun, who also became the first independent mayor, i.e. not assigned by the abbess.

Zürich joined the Swiss confederation (which at that point was a loose confederation of de facto independent states) as the fifth member in 1351. Zürich was expelled from the confederation in 1440 due to a war with the other member states over the territory of Toggenburg (the Old Zürich War). Zürich was defeated in 1446, and re-admitted to the confederation in 1450.

Zwingli started the Swiss reformation at the time when he was the main preacher in Zürich. He lived there from 1484 until his death in 1531.

In 1839, the city had to yield to the demands of its rural subjects, following the Züriputsch of 6 September. Most of the ramparts built in the 17th centuries were torn down, without ever having been sieged, to allay rural concerns over the city's hegemony.

From 1847, the Spanisch-Brötli-Bahn, the first railway on Swiss territory, connected Zürich with Baden, putting the Zürich Main Station at the origin of the Swiss rail network. The present building of the Hauptbahnhof (chief railway station) dates to 1871.

Coat of arms

The blue and white coat of arms of Zurich is attested from 1389, and was derived from banners with blue and white stripes in use since 1315. The first certain testimony of banners with the same design is from 1434. The coat of arms is flanked by two lions. The red Schwenkel on top of the banner had varying interpretations: For the people of Zurich, it was a mark of honour, granted by Rudolph I. Zurich's neighbors mocked it as a sign of shame, commemorating the loss of the banner at Winterthur in 1292. Today, the Canton of Zurich uses the same coat of arms as the city.

Sights

• Churches
  • Grossmünster (great minster) (near Lake Zürich, in the old city), where Zwingli was pastor
  • Fraumünster (our lady's minster) first church built before 874; the Romanesque choir dates from 1250-70; Marc Chagall stained glass choir windows; (on the opposite side of the Limmat)
  • St. Peter (downstream from the Fraumünster, in the old city); with the largest clock face in Europe
• Lindenhof near St. Peter; site of the Roman and medieval castle. View over the river and old town.
• Guild houses along the river (downstream from the Grossmünster)
• Old town on both sides of the river
• Bahnhofstrasse, Zürich (shopping avenue) starting at main train station
• Zoological garden [1]
• Botanical Garden of the University of Zurich [2]
• Chinese Garden, Zurich [3]

• Lake Zürich, running from Zürich to Rapperswil and linking with the Obersee
• Üetliberg, at an altitude 813 metres above sea level, with Uetlibergturm TV-tower (not accessible for tourists)

Museums

• Museum Bärengasse, history of the city in the 18th century
• Kunsthaus Zurich [4]
• Museum Rietberg [5]
• Museum Bellerive [6]
• Kunsthalle Zurich [7]
• museum of design zurich [8]
• Swiss National Museum (Landesmuseum) [9], directly opposite Zürich's main train station.
• Johann Jacobs Museum [10]
• Johanna Spyri Museum [11]
• Haus Konstruktiv [12], constructive, concrete and conceptual art and design

Industry and commerce

UBS, Credit Suisse, and many private banks have their headquarters in Zürich, the commercial center of Switzerland. Zürich is the world's primary centre for offshore banking, mainly due to Swiss bank secrecy. The financial sector accounts for about one quarter of the city's economic activities. The Swiss Stock Exchange is also headquartered in Zürich (see also Swiss banking).

Culture

Zurich is the home of the Cabaret Voltaire where the Dada movement began in 1916.

Education and research

• ETH Zurich
• University of Zurich
• IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

Sports

• FC Zürich Football Club [13] ((German))
• Grasshopper-Club Football [14] ((German))
• ZSC Lions Ice Hockey Club [15] ((German))
• Challengers Baseball Club Zürich [16]
• Zürich Lions Baseball Club [17]
• Zurich Renegades American Football Club [18] ((German))
• Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) headquarters.
• Weltklasse Zürich
• International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
• Swimming in the lake, in the river or in several outdoor swimming pools (June-September)

Events

• Street Parade
• Sechseläuten, spring festival of the guilds and burning of the Böögg
• Annual public art program each summer, sponsored by the Zurich City Association (the local equivalent of a chamber of commerce) with the cooperation of the city government. The theme for 2005 was teddy bears.

Transportation

Zürich is a hub for rail, road, and air traffic. It has several railway stations, including Zürich Main Station, Zürich Oerlikon, Zürich Stadelhofen, and Zürich Altstetten. The Cisalpino, InterCity Express, and even the TGV high-speed trains stop in Zürich.

The A1, A3 and A4 motorways pass through Zürich. The A1 heads west towards Bern and Geneva, east towards St. Gallen, and the A3 heads northwest towards Basel and southeast towards Sargans.)

Zürich has a major international airport at Kloten, less than 10 kilometres northeast of the city. There is also an airfield in Dübendorf, although it is not used for civil aviation.

Within Zürich and throughout the canton of Zürich, the ZVV network of public transport has traffic density rating among the highest worldwide. If you add frequency, which in Zürich can be as often as 7 minutes, it does become the densest across all dimensions. Three means of mass-transit exist: the S-Bahn (local trains), trams, and buses (both diesel and electric). Rumour has it that no point exists on the ground floor within the central district which is farther than 150 metres from the next bus, tram, or train stop.

In addition the public transport network includes boats on the lake and river, funicular railways and even a cable car between Adliswil and Felsenegg.

Notable people

Born or died in Zürich

• Huldrych Zwingli (1484 - 1531), reformer
• Conrad Gessner (1516 - 1565), naturalist, born and died in Zürich
• Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (1672 - 1733), scholar, born in Zürich
• Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741 - 1801), poet and physiognomist, born in Zürich
• Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746 - 1827), educational reformer, born in Zürich
• James Sadleir (c. 1815 - 1881), fugitive swindler, murdered in Zürich
• Gottfried Keller (1819 - 1890), poet, born and died in Zürich
• Conrad Ferdinand Meyer (1825 - 1898), poet, born in Zürich
• Johanna Spyri (1827 - 1901), author of Heidi, died in Zürich
• Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia (1853) - (1920) Duchess of Edinburgh, died in Zürich
• Wilhelm Filchner (1877 - 1957), explorer, died in Zürich
• James Joyce (1882 - 1941), Irish novelist, died in Zürich (buried at Fluntern cemetery in Zürich)
• Felix Bloch (1905 - 1983), physicist, born in Zürich
• Elias Canetti (1905 - 1994), novelist, died in Zürich
• Max Frisch (1911 - 1991), novelist, born and died in Zürich
• Hugo Koblet (1925 - 1964), cycling champion
• Bruno Ganz (born 1941), actor, born in Zürich
• Martin Suter (born 1948), author, born in Zürich
• Lucinda Ruh (born 1979), figure skater, born in Zürich
• Heinz Gunthardt (born 1959), professional tennis player, born in Zürich

Famous residents:

• Tristan Tzara (1915-1919)
• Richard Wagner (1849–1861)
• Albert Einstein (1896–1900, 1909–1911, 1912–1914)
• Vladimir Lenin (1917)
• Thomas Mann (1933–1942)
• Kurt Tucholsky (1932–1933)
• James Joyce (1915–1919)
• Tina Turner
• Elisabeth Schwarzkopf
• Andreas Vollenweider

Hotels

• Savoy Baur en Ville ([19])
• Baur au Lac ([20])
• Dolder ([21])
• Alden Splügenschloss ([22])
• Eden au Lac ([23])
• Park Hyatt Zürich ([24])
• Widder ([25])
• Marriott ([26])
• Ascot ([27])

See also Zürich Tourismus

External links

• Stadt Zürich, official site in German.
• Zürich Tourismus
• Travel guide to Zürich from Wikitravel

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